2. in the open:
（1）outdoors; in the open air 在户外，在野外

[例句] One can benefit a lot from doing exercises in the open. 户外运动将使你大受裨益。
As an archaeologist, he works in the open all year round. 作为一名考古学家，他常年在户外工作。

（2）without secrecy; publicly 公开（地）

[例句] He is such a person that everything he says he can repeat in the open. 他是这样一个人，他说的每件事都可以公开地重复说一遍。
Since her secret is now in the open, she is forced to take action without any hesitation. 现在既然秘密已公开了，她被迫毫不犹豫地采取了行动。

[辨析]：（1）in public: in the sight or hearing of many people 公然，当众
The president made his promises in public. 总统当众做出了许诺。
（2）in private: secretly, away from others 私下（地）
She can be very rude in private, though in public she is usually polite. 她在大庭广众中通常很有礼貌，但私下里很粗鲁。

3. virtually adv. 几乎，实际上 [同]practically, almost

[例句]My book is virtually finished. I've only a few changes to make in the writing. 我的书可说写好了，只有几处要改动一下。

[记忆法] 派生法：virtual [ ] adj. 实质上的，事实上的 virtue[ ] n. 品德，德行 virtuous [ ] adj. 品德好的，有美德的

[考点] 习惯用法 ： in /by virtue of (1)通过 [同]by means of, by way of
(2)由于 [同] as a result of, by reason of
Though she is Chinese by birth, she became an American citizen by virtue of marriage. 虽然她生来是中国人，但她通过嫁给美国人成为美国公民。
He was promoted by virtue of his ability. 他是靠他的才能被提升的。

4．someday adv. 有朝一日

[例句] We'll succeed someday. 有朝一日我们会成功的。
I hope I can go on my holidays in Europe someday.我希望有朝一日，我能去欧洲度假。

[记忆当]合成法：由some 构成的合成词还有：sometime[ ] adv. 某个时候 something [ ] pron. 某事，某物 somebody [ ] pron. 某人，有人 somehow [ ] adv. 以某种方法，不知怎样地 somewhat [ ] adv. 有几分，稍略 somewhere [ ] adv. 某处，在某处

5. add to, increase 增加，加强；可用于add sth. to sth. else 句型，to是介词

[例句] Fireworks can greatly add to the gaiety of the Spring Festival. 炮竹能大大增加春节的欢乐气氛。
The index adds appreciably to the usefulness of the book. 索引明显增强了这本书的实用性。

[辨析]：（1）add up to：make a total of, amount to 总计，总共
The money he spends on books adds up to one third of his whole expense every month. 他每月用来买书的钱占他总消费的三分之一。
mean, result in （非正式用语）意味着，导致
His impatient explanation added up to a refusal. 他不耐烦的解释意味着拒绝。
（2）add up：make sense, seem likely （非正式）合乎情理
The various facts in the case just don't add up. 该案件的各项事实就是不合情理。

6．underground adj. 地下的，秘密的 [同]secret n. 地下铁道 [同] subway, tube

[例句] The underground resistance to the tyrant has never stopped. 对暴君的秘密抵抗从来没有停止过。
He goes to work by underground. 他乘地铁上班。

[记忆法] 合成法：Under构成的合成词还有：undergraduate [ ]n. 大学本科生，肄业生 underestimate [ ] v. 低估，对……估计过低 underline [ ] v. 加下划线，强调 underwear [ ] n. 内衣

7．manmade adj. 人造的 [反] natural

[例句] The material is made from man-made fibers. 这种材料由人造纤维制成。

[记忆法] 合成法：这是由名词加过去分词构成的复合形容词，现在分词与过去分词常可作形容词，也可与其他词一起构成复合形容词。如：a self-employed author 专业作家；a horse-drawn cart 一辆马车；a long-playing record 密纹唱片；a time-consuming job 费时的工作

8．palatable adj. 可口的，受欢迎的 [同]delicious

[例句] This is a palatable solution to the problem. 这是对问题的合乎人意的解决方法。
The soup is palatable. 汤的味道美极了。

[记忆法]词义联想：palatable--palate [ ] n. 上颚 palatalize [ ] v. 发上颚音；使上颚音化 palatal [ ] adj. 宫殿似的；宏伟壮丽的

9. at first thought: when considered for the first time 乍一想

[例句]At first thought, it was not a good idea, but it turned out quite successful. 乍一想，这不是个好主意，但结果证明它非常成功。
At first thought, it is almost impossible to live under the ground. 乍一想，在地下生活简直是不可能的。

[辨析]：（1）on reflection, after some deep and careful thought 考虑之后，沉思之后
On reflection, he agreed to lend them the money. 考虑之后，他同意借钱给他们。
（2）on second thoughts 重新考虑
I said I wouldn't do it, but on second thoughts I think I will. 我本来说我不会做那件事，但重新考虑后我想我会做。
与 thought 搭配的常用短语还有：
at the thought of 一想到……，想到……时
give thought to 想过；思考

10．association n. 联系，合伙，联想，协会 [同] hint, implication, recollection

[例句] There has always been a closed association between these two schools. 这两所学校一向有密切的联系。
I benefited much from my association with him.我和他结交受益非浅。
What associations does the sea have for you? 你从大海能联想到什么？
According to the American Automobile Association, since 1964 all cars sold in the United States have been equipped with seat belts.根据美国汽车协会的资料,自从一九六四年以来在美国出售的所有汽车都装有保险带

[记忆法] 派生法： society [ ] n. 社会；社团，协会 sociable [ ] adj. 随和，好交际的 social [ ] adj. 社会的，社会交的，联谊的 socialism [ ] n. 社会主义 socialist [ ] n. 社会主义者 socialite [ ] n. 社会名流，名士 socialize [ ] v. 使……公有化 associate [ ] v. 社交；联系，联想

[考点] 习惯用法：associate…with …把……与……联系在一起
People often associate their country with mother.
人们经常将祖国与母亲联系在一起。
associated with 与……交往（合伙）
I associate with him mainly for the sake of business.

[典型考题]Soon a women's was formed in our village. [B]
A. meeting B. association C. assimilation D. assurance

[试题解析] 译文：我们村上很快成立了妇女协会。本题指一个妇女协会，一个社团；meeting 一个会议；assimilation（食物等的）吸收；assurance 保证

11．legend n. 传说，传奇

[例句] Her daring work behind the enemy lines is new legend. 她在敌后的英勇斗争业迹现在已是传奇美谈。
a character in legend 传说中的人物

[记忆法]词义联想：romance [ ] n. 传奇，冒险故事 myth [ ] n. 神话 novel [ ] n. 小说 tale [ ] n. 童话 story [ ] n. 故事。

12．spirit n. (1)神灵，鬼怪 [同]ghost (2)精神，心灵 [同]soul (3)情绪 [同]mood

[例句] It was believed that people could be possessed by evil spirits. 据说人能中邪。
Don't let your spirits droop. 不要萎靡不振。
He is in good spirit. 他很愉快。

[记忆法] 派生法：spirited [ ] adj. 精神焕发的，强有力的 spiritless [ ] adj. 懒洋洋的，无精打采的 spirits [ ] v. 鼓励，鼓舞

[辨析]：in spirit 和in spirits：
in spirit 精神上
Though he is dead, he will live forever in spirit. 虽然他牺牲了，但他在精神上永垂不朽。
in spirits 兴致勃勃
He told me about his travel in spirits. 他兴高采烈地向我讲述他的旅行。

13．location n. 场所，位置

[例句] Have they decided on the location of the new building yet? 这座新建筑的位置你们定下来了吗？

[记忆法] 派生法 ： local [ ] adj. 地方的，当地的；局部的 localism [ ] n. 地方主义，地方风俗 locality [ ] n. 地点，场所 locate [ ] v. 找出，查出；设置在，位于collocate [ ] v. 并列，并置 collocation [ ] n. 并列，并置 dislocate [ ] v. 使脱离原来位置，打乱正常秩序 dislocation [ ] n. 脱位，混乱 relocate [ ] v. 重新安置，调动

[辨析]location和Locality：
location 是动词locate 的派生词，特指供居住，使用的地方或场所。
industrial location 工业选址, 工业座落
Locality 由形容词local 变来，常指地理上的地带和某事情的发生地。
Localities, even individual villages, developed their own languages.
每一地区，甚至小村子都有他们自己的语言。

14．torment n. & v. 痛苦，折磨 [同]torture

[例句] He was tormented by toothache. 他牙痛得难受。
He suffered torments from his aching teeth.他牙痛得难受。
That child is a torment to his parents. 那孩子伤透了他父母的降。
Don't torment the poor teacher with that silly question.
不要用那个愚蠢的问题来难为这个可怜的老师了。

[典型考题]The old woman was in with her heart disease. [B]
A. tolerance B. torment C. pain D. ornament

[试题解析]译文：这位老太太受着心脏病的折磨。 tolerance 忍耐、容忍，不与in搭配；in torment with 因……而受苦，受折磨；pain疼，痛苦，不与in和with 连用，ornament 装饰

15．eruption n. 爆发，喷发

[例句] It's many years since the eruption of the volcano took place last time. 自上次火山爆发已有很多年了。

[记忆法]构词解析：eruption由动词erupt 加名词性后缀-ion 组成。这样构成的词还有：complete--completion construct--construction destroy--destruction reflect--reflection