16.
grassland n.草地，牧场
[例子] temperate grassland温带草原，
arctic grassland 北极草地
upland grassland 高原草原
[记忆法] 合成法：这是由n. +n. -n.同类的还有：carkey汽车钥匙，chairleg椅子腿，doorknob门把手，goldwatch金表，plasticraincoat塑料雨衣，powerplant发电厂，heartland中心地带
17. overgraze v.在……上过度放牧
[例句] In order to protect the grassland environment, it is not permitted
to overgraze. 为了保护草原环境，不允许可度放牧。
[记忆法] 合成法：前缀over-用在动词前，构成新的动词，表示"太，过�"之意，又如overact[ ]v. 把（角色）表演得过火
overcook[ ]v.煮得太久 overbid[ ]v.（尤指折卖时）为（某物）出价太高 overcrop[ ]v.过度耕种 overcompensate[
]v.矫枉过正 overcharge[ ]v.向……索价过高 overdevelop[ ]v.使过度发展 overflow[ ]v.泛滥，溢出
18. befoul v.弄脏，污蔑, 诽谤
[例句] He was befouled by rumors. 他受到流言诽谤。
[记忆法] 合成法：前缀be-可表示"影响，困扰，对待，供应或覆盖"等意，如bedevil[ ]v.大为困扰，有不良影响
becalmed[ ]adj.（指大帆船）因无风而不能前进的 befuddle[ ]v.使混乱 befriend[ ]v.待之如友；照顾 befit[
]v.适宜，合适 beguile[ ]v.欺骗，诱骗 belie[ ]v.掩饰，给人错觉
19. wildlife n.野生动植物
[例句] We should protect wildlife. 我们应该保护野生动植物。
[记忆法] 合成法：：wildboar[ ]n. 野猪 wildcat[ ]野锚，脾气暴躁之人 wildfire[ ]n.野火 wildfowl[
]n.野禽，猎鸟
20．on the run:
（1）running or hurrying from place to place; in flight 奔跑着，逃跑着，四处奔逃
[例句] The thief is on the run and a policeman is in pursuit. 小偷在奔逃，警察在追捕他。
（2）be busy or in a hurry忙碌，奔波
[例句] The teacher is on the run all day long. 老师整天忙碌。
[辨析]（1）in the long/short run 从长远看/近期内
In the long run, he has quite a promising career. 从长远观点看，他有一个前途光明的职业。
In the short run, the national economy can not recover from depression.
近期内，国民经济还不能从萧条中振奋起来。
（2）run after: to pursue 追踪，追求
What you really run after decides your future. 你真正追示的东西决定了你的未来。
21. tourist n.游客 [同]visitor, traveler
[例句] tourist agency 旅行社
tourist attraction 旅游胜地
tourist party 观光团
tourist trap 敲竹杠的旅馆, 饭店, 商店等
[记忆法] 派生法：-ist后缀可加在名词或动词之后，表示做某事的人，弹奏某种乐器的人。如：pianist[ ]钢琴家 typist[ ]打字员
22. slum n.贫民区，贫民窟
[例句] They live in the slum of the city. 他们住在那个城市的贫民区。
[记忆法]词形联想：slumber[ ]n. & v. 睡眠，安睡 slumberous[ ]adj.昏昏欲睡的 slummy[ ]adj.象贫民窟的，肮脏的
slump[ ]n. & v. 跌落，不景气
23. undertake v.承担，从事；（常与to+ inf连用）答应；同意
同take, start on
[例句] The lawyer undertook the case without a fee.这律师免费承办那个案件。
I can't undertake that you will make a profit.我不能担保你会获利。
He undertook to be here at five.他答应五点钟到这里来。
I undertook to teach the children English. 我答应教孩子们英语。
He undertook the responsibility for changes.他承担改革的责任。
[记忆法] 派生法：前缀under-这里表示"从下方……"之意，under-还经常表"太少"之意，如underact[
]v. 演出不足，含蓄地演出 undercharge[ ]v.要价太少。underpin[ ]v.加固，支撑 underlie[ ]v.由于，成为……的原因
understate[ ]v. 冲淡，将……轻描淡写地陈述 underwrite[ ]v.包销；承购；承保
[考点] 习惯用法：undertake to do答应做……
He undertook to improve the working arrangements.他答应改善工作方式。
[典型考题] The thirty-story building is one of the most challenging engineering
projects they have ever . [D]
A. undergone B. underweight C. understood D. undertaken
[试题解析] 译文：承建这座三十层高楼是他们所接受的最具挑战性的工程项目之一。
undertake接受，承担（较困难，需格外努力的责任，工作等），语气较accept, take up重。
24. pledge n.誓言，保证 [同]promise v.发誓，保证；以...担保,
抵押为...干杯, 向...祝酒 [同]swear, vow, promise, guarantee
[例句] Take this gift as a pledge of our friendship.把这个作为我们友谊象征的礼物收下吧。
pledge one's honor以名誉作担保
pledge the health /success of sb. 为某人的健康[成功]而干杯
[考点]习惯用语：be pledged to sth.立誓忠于……
pledge oneself to do sth. 保证做……
He was pledged to secrecy.他被要求发誓保密。
They pledged themselves never to tell the secret.他们发誓绝不把秘密说出去。
He pledged never to come back until he had found her.他发誓找不到她绝不回来。
25．do one's homework: make necessary preparations
before taking part in an important activity 作必要的准备，由其本意"做作业"引申而来。
[例句]Whenever the teacher does not do his homework, he feels quite nervous
before the class.每当这个老师没有备课，他在上课前总是非常紧张。
Our team has done our homework well, so we won the debate.我们队做了很好的准备工作，所以我们赢得了这场辩论赛。
[辨析]make preparations 做安排，筹备
The girl is happily making preparations for her marriage. 女孩正幸福地筹备着婚礼。
26. predictably adv.可预知地，如所料地
[例句] Predictably, he came late as he always does.一如所料，他又迟到如常了。
[记忆法] 派生法： prediction[ ]n.预言，预测 predictable[ ]adj.可预知的，平庸的
词形联想：predicate[ ]n.谓语，述语 predicative[ ]adj.表语的，n.表语 predicament[ ]n.困境，穷境
predilection[ ]n.偏好
27. uncover v.揭开……的盖子；发现，揭露 [同]expose,
disclose, reveal
[例句]The police have uncovered a plan to steal $ 1,000, C00.警方破获了一个涉及一百万美元的盗窃计划。
The police have uncovered a plot.警察当局侦破了一起阴谋。
He uncovered the dish and showed us the food. 他揭开盘子的盖儿给我们看吃的东西。
[记忆法] 派生法：前缀un-加在动词之前表示相反的动作，构成另一个动词，如unwind[ ]解开 unbind[ ]解开，松开 unbar[
]拿掉门闩，打开 unburden[ ]解脱，使卸除心理负担 undeceive[ ]使知真相，不再受骗 undo[ ]打消，把……弄砸 undress[
]脱衣服 unfold[ ]展开，打开
28. by and large: on the whole; in general,
generally speaking 总之，一般来说
[例句] By and large, women can bear pain better than men.总体来说，女人比男人更能承受痛苦。
Sometimes I feel tired of life, but by and large, life is interesting
to me.有时我很厌倦生活，但一般来说生活还是很有趣的。
[辨析]（1）by and by 后来，渐渐地
At first, I disliked her; but by and by I found her a very kind girl.开始，我不喜欢她；但渐渐地，我发现她是一个非常善良的女孩。
（2）at large自由的，未受控制的
A monkey escaped from the zoo and it is still at large. 一只猴子从动物园逃跑出来，它现在仍未被抓住。
29. shade v.荫蔽，遮蔽 [同]screen
n.荫，荫凉处；遮光物，晕；（色彩）浓淡，深浅；（意义）细微差别
[例句] I shaded my eyes with my hand. 我用手遮在眼睛上挡住光线。
They sat in the shade. 他们坐在阴凉处。
Store the bottle of medicine in the shade.把这瓶药放在阴凉处。
Keep in the shade; it's cooler.你就在阴凉处呆着吧, 那儿比较凉快。
a lamp shade 灯罩
a window shade 窗帘
all shades of blue 各种色度的蓝颜色
a word with many shades of meaning 一个意义有许多差别的词
Your coat is a shade too long. 你的外衣稍微长一点。
[记忆法]词议联想：由shade联想：shady[ ]adj.有荫处的，能遮荫的；可疑的 shades[ ]n. 昏暗 shading[ ]n.描影法，明暗法
shadow[ ]n. 阴影，黑暗 shadowy[ ]adj.朦胧的，模糊的
[考点]习惯用语：in the shade 在荫凉处
put sb. /sth. in/into the shade 使（某人或某物）黯然无光；使相形见绌。
a shade of（作定语）一点点（=a little bit of）
He spoke with a shade of anxiety. 他略带焦虑地讲话。
shade……from 使……免受……的照射
She shaded her eyes from the sun with her hand. 她用手遮住眼睛以避阳光。
[辨析]shade和shadow:
shade 荫凉处，指的是任何阳光照射不到的地方；而shadow阴暗处，影子，则是某物的地面投影。通俗地讲，shade是立体的，而shadow是平面的，因此可以说He
saw his shadow on the ground. 他在地上看见自己的影子。
30. maple n. 枫树
[例句] Maple is national tree of Canada. 枫树是加拿大国树。
[记忆法]词义联想：pine[ ]松树 oak[ ]橡树 willow[ ]柳树 sycamore[ ]梧桐树 palm[ ]棕树 cypress[
]柏树 fir[ ]枞树 larch[ ]落叶松
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