2． hostile adj. belonging to an enemy 敌对的,不友好的　[同]unfriendly[反]hospitable

[例句] Ever since I got better marks than Parker, he has been hostile to me. 自从我比派克得分高以后，他就对我不友好了。
The prime minister was give a hostile reception.首相受到了不友好（有敌意的）接待。
a hostile country 敌国

[记忆法] 派生法 : hostility n.敌意,敌视

[考点] 习惯用法 be hostile to… 对……有敌意
He is always hostile to me. 他总是对我怀有敌意。

[典型考题]The __ between the two parties now is open.. [D]
A. hospital B.hostitality C.hostile D.hostility
[试题解析]译文：双方的敌意态度已公开化了。hospital医院; hospitality好客,殷勤招待; hostile 敌对的,不友好的; hostility敌意,敌视.

3. view 1) vt. a)look at thoroughly, examine.查看,仔细看
b) consider, think about.考虑,认为,看做

[例句]Several possible buyers have come to view the house.几个想买的人都来看过这所房子.
Have you viewed the museum's new coin collection?你看过博物馆的新钱币展览会了嘛?.
He viewed his son's absence from school very badly. 他认为儿子缺课是很坏的事.
How do you view this matter?你怎么看这件事?

2) n. a) scenery, outlook.风景,景色

[例句]There's no view from my bedroom window except some factory chimneys.从我卧室床子向外看,除了几家工厂的烟囱外,没有什么景色.
The house has a view over the sea. 这座房子面向大海视野开阔。

b) vision, sight视野,视线

[例句]His view of the game was obstructed by a pillar.他看比赛的视线被一个柱子挡住了.

c) opinion, belief 见解,意见,观点

[例句]In the mayor's view, the town's budget must be increased.市长认为,这个城镇的预算必须增加.
I wonder if this will meet your views.我不知道这是否会符合你的意图。

[考点]习惯用法: in view of 鉴于……，考虑到
In view of his youth the police decide not to prosecute.考虑到他的年轻，警方决定不起诉他。
view…as 把……看做（＝look upon as）
The attack on the ship was viewed as an act of war. 攻击那条船被视作战争行为。
in sb.'s view 依某人之见
In my view, he should be fired. 依我之见，他应该被开除。

[典型考题]The house has a __ over the sea. [B]
A. image B. view C. sight D. outlook

[试题解析]题意：这所房子可以观赏海景。Image指想象或心中的"景象，意象"；view眼界，视野，另外还可以表示"观点，风景"等，night vision 夜景；sight 视野，强调视域本身，是不可数名词；outlook 景色，指由里到外看到的景色。

5. interfere vi. to enter or take part in a matter in while one is not concerned 干涉，妨碍[同]intervene,　interference

[例句]I was playing with Jane, but Anne interfered and spoiled the game. 我正在和珍妮玩，可是安妮插了进来，把游戏给打乱了。
I don't want to interfere with you; proceed with your work.　"我不想打扰你了,你继续工作吧。
Don't interfere with him. 不要打扰他。
Come on Sunday if nothing interferes.如果没有别的事相扰, 就请星期天来吧。
Sedentary habits often interfere with health.　长坐不动的习惯往往有害于身体健康。

[考点]习惯用法：interfere in 干涉，插手 ；
interfere in sb's private affairs 干涉某人的私事
interfere with 妨碍，阻止；乱弄；干扰；
Don't interfere with him.不要打扰他。

6. tense adj. having or showing nervous anxiety 紧张的，焦虑的，拉紧的
v. 使紧张　
n. forms of a verb that show the time of the action (动词的)时态

[例句]　 The players were tense at the start of the game. 队员们在比赛开始时很紧张。
I was so tense the night before my exams that I could hardly sleep.考前那天晚上我太紧张了，几乎没有睡着觉。
He tensed his muscles for the leap.他拉紧了他的肌肉准备跳跃。
He tensed as he heard it slow down.　他听到它慢下来时变得很紧张。
It's better to use the perfect tense here. 此处用完成时态较好。

[记忆法] 派生法: tension n.紧张

[典型考题]The city seems__tonight,as if something is going to happen. [C]
A. nervous B. restless C. tense D. tight

[试题解析]题意：今晚城市气氛似乎很紧张，好像要发生什么事。Nervous 紧张的，不安的，常用来形容认，指内心紧张与忧虑；restless静不下来的，焦虑不安的，多指人的外表，它是人的内在的紧张心情的外在表现，如手脚不停，来回走动等；tense紧张的，它既可用来形容人，指由于种种原因而引起的紧张，也可指一种感觉，也用来指人周围的环境和气氛等；tight紧的，一般形容事物。

7. irritable adj. tending to get angry at small things; easily annoyed易怒的，烦躁的

[例句]The old man became so irritable that none of his family dared to speak to him.
老人变得非常烦躁易怒，他的家人谁也不敢和他说话。
He was irritable and sometimes jabbed his stick into his servant's face.
他脾气暴躁,有时用手杖戳佣人的脸。

[记忆法] 派生法 ：irritate vt.激怒 irritation n..激怒，生气

8. contribute v. ①to join with others in giving money or something;贡献，起作用
②to write and send an article to a magazine or newspapers 投稿

[例句]　Drink contributed to his ruin. 酗酒促使他毁灭。
She seldom contributes to the discussion.她在讨论中很少发言。
He contributed an article to the China Daily. 他为《中国日报》撰写一篇文章。
They contributed food and clothing for the refugees. 他们向难民捐赠食品和衣物。

[记忆法] 派生法 ：contribution n. 贡献（物）

[考点]习惯用法：contribute(sth.) to/towards… 对……做出贡献； 导致
Every one is called on to contribute ideas.要求人人出主义，想办法。
This advertising campaign has contributed significantly to the success of new car.这次广告活动对于新车成功起了很大的作用。

[典型考题]Various factors__to his downfall. [B]
A.distributed B.contributed C.attributed D.devoted

[试题解析] 译文: 各种原因导致了他的衰败。contributed to 导致; distributed to 分配（发）; attribute to把……归于 devote to贡献

9. concentration n. the direction of attention on a single thing or idea;a close gathering专注，集中

[例句]This thesis will need all your concentration.　这篇论文需要全神贯注才能读懂。
I lost my concentration and nearly drove into aditch.我的注意力不集中，差点把车开到沟里去。There is a concentration of industry in the south of the country.这个国家的南部工业集中。

[记忆法] 派生法 ：concentrate v.集中，专心

10． span n. a length of time over which the stated thing continues or works well 一段时间

[例句]：We completed the hard project in a short span of two years. 我们在短短的两年中就完成了那项艰苦的工作。
Man's life-span lasts longer and longer. 人类的寿命（生命周期）越来越长。

[典型考题]According to the American federal government,residents of Hawaii have the longest life :77.2 years. [C]
A. scope B. rank C .span D. scale

[试题分析] 译文：根据美国联邦政府的调查，夏威夷居民寿命最长：77.2岁。life span意为"寿命"；而A.scope意为"范围，视野，能力，能量"；B.rank职位，职衔，地位；D.scale表示"规模，大小，范围，程度，尺度，刻度，计量器"。

11． get along with 与……友好，与……和睦相处

[例句]：Does your wife get along with your mother?你的妻子与你的母亲处的好吗？
He gets along well with his colleagues.他与同事相处的非常融洽。

12． remarkable adj.　unusual or noticeable worth mentioning①显著的，非凡的②异常的③值得注意的

[例句]Your work has been remarkable this week. 这星期你的工作很出色。
This is a remarkable event 这是值得注意的事件。
It took a remarkable change in the town. 那个城镇发生了显著的变化。
This army is remarkable for its bravery.这支军队以勇敢著称。

[记忆法] 派生法 ：remark v. 注意

[典型考题]His achievement was more__in that he had come from such a poor family. [D]
A. popular B. famous C. understandable D. remarkable

[试题解析]题意：考虑到他的贫寒出身，他的成就就显得更加引人注目。Popular和famous指某人或某事为众多人所知道和喜爱；understandable可以理解的，用在句子不合逻辑。

13．shape vt. To make or form to 形成，塑造[同]form
n. 形状；状态；情形，情况

[例句]shape public opinion 影响（或左右）舆论
shape one's course 制订方针，决定某种做法
the shape of a triangle 三角形
His affairs are in bad shape.
他的事很糟糕。

[典型考题]John Dewey believed that education should be teaching must__the curiosity and creativity of children. [B]
A.seek B.stinulate C.shape D.secure

[试题解析] 译文：John Dewey相信教育应该使对生活的准备，一个人应该通过动手来学习，教育必须刺激孩子的好奇心和创造力。A.seek寻求，寻找；B.stimulate 激发，激励，刺激；C.shape塑造；D.secure确保；使安全。从空格后的宾语判断，选项B.正确。

14. due to 由于，应归于 [同]because of

［例句］：Their increase in profits is due in part/due largely to their innovative market strategy.他们利润的增加应（大）部分归功于他们富有创新精神的市场政策。
The flight was cancelled due to the heavy fog.班机因大雾停航.

[考点]习惯用法: 此处to为介词.

15．maintain vt.　①to continue to have as before 断言，维持[同]assert,keep up
②to support with money赡养，供给；
③to keep in good condition by prepare or take care of 维修，保养
④declare to be true 主张，为……辩解；

[例句] He failed again and again simply because he had maintained his defeatist attitude.　因为他一直坚持失败主义的态度,所以失败了一次又一次。
He has worked hard to maintain his family. 他努力工作来养家。
The car has always been properly maintained. 这汽车一直保养得很好。

[记忆法] 派生法 :maintenance n.维持，保持

[考点] 习惯用法 : maintain sth.维持、主张……。Maintain＋that从句，坚持认为……。
例：maintain public order维护社会秩序；
He maintained that her idea was wrong。他坚持认为她的观点是错的。

[典型考题]In order to make the train run safely,the railway should be__constantly. [C]
A. kept B.kept on C.maintained D.made

[试题解析]题意：为确保火车安全运行，铁路线必须维修养护。maintain保养