（二）句型结构：

1.For the first time Venusian scientists managed to land a satellite on the planet Earth, and it has been sending back signals as well as photographs ever since. 金星上的科学家们首次成功地将一颗 卫星送上了地球，并且，这颗卫星从着陆时起就源源不断地发回信号和照片。

2. The satellite was directed into an area known as Manhattan (named after the great Venusian astronomer Prof. Manhattan, who first discovered it with his telescope 20,000 light years ago. ) 卫星被发送到一个被称为曼哈顿的地区（该地区是以金星上伟大的天文学家曼哈顿教授的名字命名的，教授在两万光年前用望远镜首先发现了这一地区。）

（1）"known as Manhattan"为过去分词短语作后置定语，修饰"area".
（2）light year: 光年。光按每秒186，282英里，即300，000公里的速度走一年的距离叫作光年。在非科学文章中常用many light years away 来表示"十分久远的时间"。课文中的"20，000 light years ago "为非正规用语，意思是说"很久以前。"

3. "We have come to the conclusion, based on last week's satellite landing,"　Prof. Zog said, "that there is no life on Earth." "根据上周发射的卫星所提供的信息，我们得出结论，"佐格教授说，"地球上没有生命。"

(1) 句中"based on last week's satellite landing"为过去分词短语作后置定语，修饰名词 conclusion.
(2) "that there is no life on Earth"是由连词that 引导的从句，作名词conclusion 的同位语，说明所作出结论的具体内容。同位语从句常由连词that引导。与定语从句的最主要区别在于，that在同位语从句中不起任何语法作用，而作为关系代词的that在定语从句中必须承担起语法作用，代替主语或宾语等。
例：The fact that industry is doing harm to our natural environment has been widely acknowledged. 工业在破坏我们的自然环境，这一事实已经广为人知。（同位语从句）
The telegram that has just arrived is for you 刚刚到的电报是给你的。（定语从句）
(3) come to a/the conclusion: 得出结论 [同] arrive at/reach/draw a/the conclusion.
例：From all this, we can certainly come to the conclusion that there is still room for improvement. 这一切我们能够肯定地得出结论，即还可进一步改进。
He thought it over, but could come to no conclusion. 他仔细考虑了，但没能得出任何结论。

4. "Take a look at this photo. You see this dark black cloud hovering over the surface of Earth?…" "请看这张照片。你们看到了在地球表面上飘浮的深黑色云层了吗？……"

(1) take a look at sth: 看一看某物
请分辨以下短语所表达的意思间的细微差别：fasten one's look upon.盯住……。 give sb. a look. 看了某人一眼。 give sb a dirty look 瞪了某人一眼。have a look at 看一看。shoot a puzzled look at 对……投以困惑的目光。Steal a look at. 偷看一眼。take a good look at 好好看一看。 take a close look at 仔细看一下。 take a long cool look at 冷静而他细地考虑。
(2) 句型：see sb/sth "doing" 现在分词作宾语补足语，在表示感觉和心理状态的动词，如 feel, hear, look at, notice, observe, see, find, listen to 等之后，常要求用现在分词作宾语补足语。这些动词后亦可用不带to的不定式短语作宾语补足语。两种用法在意义上有区别。用不定式时，表示感觉到一个动作或事件的全部过程，而用现在分词时，表示感觉到一个动作或事件正在发生之中的部分过程。例：
We watched the train pulling out of the station. 我们看见火车正从车站里开出来。
I saw him cross the road. 我看见他跨过马路。

5. "…We don't know what it is made of, but it could give us a lot of trouble…" "虽然我们尚且不知道它是由什么构成的，但是它很可能会给予我们带来许多麻烦……"

(1)句子"What it is made of"是由特殊疑问词引导的宾语从句，作"know"的宾语，特殊疑问词如when, where, who, what, how 等均可以引导宾语从句。
例：I forget where I have put my wallet. 我忘了我把钱包放哪了。
I don't know when the rain would stop. 我不知道雨何时会停。
(2) could 在本句中情态助动词，表示说话人对某种可能性感到的肯定程度不是很高。在情态动词中，might所表示的肯定性程度最弱，could稍强于它。程度最强的是must,表示几乎可以肯定。
例：You might be right. 你也许是对的。
You could be right. 你可能是对的。
You must be right. 你肯定是对的。
(3) give sb trouble: 给某人添麻烦
例：I'm sorry if my son has given you much trouble. 如果我儿子给您添了许多床烦，我表示歉意。
trouble 还可用在以下短语中：
ask/look for trouble 自讨苦吃，自找麻烦 get into trouble 招惹麻烦，陷入困境 get out of trouble 摆脱麻烦事 make trouble 闹事，捣乱 save sb trouble 省了某人的麻烦

6. "Over here you will notice what seems to be a river, but the satellite findings indicate it is polluted and the water is unfit to drink…" "你们一定注意到了这边有一条像河流似的东西，不过卫星探测的结果表明它已经被污染，其中的水不适于饮用。……"

(1) "will"为情态助动词，表示说话人与某种可能性的肯定程度较高，仅次于must.
(2) findings: n sth. learnt as the result of an official enquiry. （正式调查询问的）结果，该词是动名词的复数形式。如此构词的常见有：belongings所有物，行李附属物 earnings 工资，收入，利润 greetings 问候，欢迎词 surroundings 环境
例：It didn't take me long to arrange my belongings; for I had brought little. 整理行李没花去我多少时间，因为我没带什么东西。
We exchange greetings whenever we meet. 每一次遇见，我俩都打招呼。
(3) 句型：S+be+adj.+to do不定式放在表语之后，主语是不定式的实际宾语，但不定式仍用主动语态形式。可用于这种句型中的形容词有easy, hard, difficult, good, comfortable, right, heavy, pleasant 等。
例：The book is easy to read. 这本书容易读。
His speech is difficult to follow. 他的演讲难听懂。

7. "…This means we shall have to carry our own water, which will add even greater weight to the saucer." "……这么一来，我们将不得不自己带水，这会给飞碟增加更多的重量！"

(1)which 为引导非限定性定从句的关系代词，指代前面整个主句所表达的情况或概念。which 引导非限定性定语从句时，它前面要有逗号把主、从句分开。
例：People think it is difficult to change a habit, which is quite true. 人们认为改变一个习惯很难，确实如此。
The clock struck thirteen, which made everyone laugh. 钟敲了十三下，这使每个人都笑了起来。
(2) add sth to: Join (one thing to another) 增加，增添
例：We will add two new items to the program. 我们将在该节目上增加两项。
Add 5 to 5, and you get 10. 五加五等于十。

8. "…They emit gases, make noise and keep crashing into each other.…" 它们释放气体，发出噪声，并且不断地相互碰撞。

Keep doing sth: continue doing sth, repeat an action 连续不断地做某事，反复做。
例：It has kept raining for more than a week. 雨连着下了一个多星期。
News of successes keeps pouring in. 捷报频传
与keep on doing 相比较：keep on doing sth 多指动作之间略有间隔，并且更多地强调重复或决心。
Don't keep on asking such silly questions!不要老是一个劲地问这种傻问题。
He keeps on phoning me but I really don't want to talk to him. 他不断地给我打电话，但我真的不想和他说话。