(二) 语法重点
1.不定式:
不定式是动词的一种非谓语形式,由"to + 动词原形"构成,在句子中不能单独作谓语,故称为非谓语动词。
(1)不定式的用法
1).作主语: 不定式(短语)作主语时, 可以直接放在谓语动词之前,但更常见的是用先行词it作形式主语,将不定式(真正主语)置于谓语动词之后。
例如:To study and work hard is our duty. 努力学习和工作是我们的职责。
It's our duty to study and work hard. 努力学习和工作是我们的职责。
2). 作表语:不定式作表语时,若句子主语是名词,多为抽象名词,不定式说明主语的内容,若说明的是主语里的do的内容时,不定式不带to。
例如: His wish is to be an inventor. 他的愿望是当个发明家。
Her job was make contacts with the masses. 她的任务是和群众联系。
3).作宾语: 不定式作宾语,一般表示未来的动作
例如:He offered to help us. 他提出要帮助我们
She promised not to tell anyone about it. 她答应不把这事告诉任何人。
能以不定式作宾语的动词常见的还有:afford, agree, attempt, beg, begin, bother, care, choose,
decide, demand, desire, dislike, expect, fail, forget, help, intend, learn,
love, manage, plan, prefer, prepare, refuse, remember, start, want, wish
等,在help, dare, mean, say等动词后的不定式, 般不带to。
例如:I do not dare speak. 我不敢说。
I mean help yourself. 我的意思是请随便吃。
不定式也可以用在but, except, besides, than 等介词之后,若这些介词前含有实义动词do,不定式不带to,例如:
There was nothing for the enemy to do but surrender. 敌人除了投降之外别无他法。
2. 定语从句:
作定语用的从句称为定语从句。定语从句在句中通常作名词或代词的后置定语。从句所修饰的名词或代词称为先行词。引导定语从句的词的主要有关系代词和关系副词两类。除用以引导定语从句外,关系代词还在从句中担任主语、宾语、定语等 成分;关系副词在从句中一般作状语。
(1) 引导定语从句的引导词:
1) 引导定语从句的关系代词
a) who (指代人,在从句中作主语)。例如:
A weatherman is a person who reports weather conditions. 气象员是预报天气情况的人。
b) whom (指代人,在从句中作宾语,可省略)。例如:
The man (who) I talked about just now turned out to be our boss. (口语中who可代替宾格whom,
常可省)我刚才谈到的那个人原来是我们的老板。
c) whose (指代人或物,在从句中作定语)。 例如:
The old man whose son died in the liberation war was taken good care of
by the government. 儿子在解放战争中牺牲了那位老人受到政府的良好照顾。
An acid is a compound whose solution can produce hydrogen ions. 酸是一种化合物,其溶液可产生氢离子。
d) which (指代物,在从句中作主语或宾语,作宾语时可省略)。例如:
The technique which is totally up-to-date benefits both sides of us.这一崭新的技术,使我们双方都获益。
e) that (指代人或物,在从句中作主语或宾语,作宾语时可省略)。例如:
Is he the man that promise you a job? 就是他答应给你工作吗?
News that is sad always makes her faint. 坏消息会使他休克
注意:but也可作关系代词,相当于who not, that not, 既可指人也可指物,常与具有否定意义的主句或疑问句连用。例如:
There is no one in our class but is interested in sports. 我们班上没有一个人不喜欢运动。
Who but knows it? (= who (is there) but (he) knows it?) 谁不知道呢?
(2)引导定语从句的关系副词
a) when (表示时间,在从句中作时间状语)。例如:
I'll never forget those days when I labored in the countryside. 我永远也忘不了在农村劳动的那些日子。
b) where (表示地点,在从句中作地点状语)。例如:
We visited the mountain village where, 50 years ago, the Red Army won
a great victory. 我们参观了五十年前红军打了大胜仗的山村。
c) why (表示原因,其先行词必须是reason, 在从句中原因状语)。例如:
He refused our invitation but he didn't say the reason why he did so.
他拒绝了我们的邀请,但并未说明原因。
(3)定语从句的分类
从结构上看,定语从句又分为两大类,即限制性定语从句和非限定性定语从句。
a) 限定性定语从句
限定性定语从句紧随其先行词之后,无论从结构上(无标点相隔)还是从逻辑上都 与先行词有十分密切的关系,不能去掉,如果去掉,意思就不清楚、不完整。译成汉语时,往往把从句放在所修饰的名词之前。例如:
The reason why they charge more is that prices have kept on rising. 他们多收钱的理由是物价不断上涨。
The reading room is a place where all students like to visit. 阅览室是学生们都喜欢光顾的地方。
Here is a book which will give you a lot of useful knowledge. 这是一本会给你许多知识的书。
b) 非限制性定语从句
这种从句与其所修饰的名词关系松散,其功能实为对先行词进行补充情况或附加说明。即使去掉,主句的意思仍然完整而清楚。关系代词that不能引导此种从句。关系代词在从句中作宾语也不能省略。书写时,常用逗号与主句分开,译成汉语时,是否置于其修饰的名词前,视具体情况而定。例如:
The plane, which was first delayed, crashed during its landing. 这架飞机先是晚点,随即又在着陆时坠毁。
My sister, whose children are at school all day, is trying to get a job.
孩子们全天都在学校上学,我姐姐想找一个工作干。
We will fly to Kunming, where we plan to stay for two or three days. 我们将乘飞机到昆明,在那儿计划呆两三天。
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