（二）句型结构

1. It was the end of my exhausting first day as waitress in a busy New York restaurant.我在纽约一家生意兴隆的餐馆当女服务生的令人筋疲力尽的第一天终于快要结束了。

as与like辨析:
as以……的身份，作为，后面常跟单数名词。
He works as an interpreter.他以翻译为职业。
He works as a pilot.他是个飞行员。
like介词，意为in the manner of,即像……一样，但实际上并不是。
He worked like a slave of the farm for 10 years.他在那农场上像个奴隶般地干了十年的活儿。

2. Weary and discouraged, I didn't seen able to do anything right.我身心疲惫，精神沮丧，似乎什么事情也干不好。

Weary and discouraged在句子中作原因状语，其作用相当于一个分句"Because I was weary and discouraged…"。形容词和分词可以同时在句中充当状语。
例：Eager to know to results of her physical check, she paid a visit to the doctor before the arranged date.因为她急于知道体检结果，于是就在约定好的时间之前就去拜访了医生。
Entertaining and written in good English, this book is worth reading.因为这本书既有趣味性，英文又好，所以值得一读。

3. As I made out a complicated check for a family with several children who had changed their ice-cream order a dozen times, I was ready to quit.还有那么一家人，带着好几个孩子，他们要冰淇淋的时候反复了有十几次。当我为那一家人开好了那份复杂的账单，我便决心辞职不干了。

as在这里表示时间：当……的时候，表示两个动作同时发生，但持续时间较短。
例：He caught sight of her as she was getting off the train.她下火车的时候，他一眼看见了她。
More and more soldiers were sent to the flooded areas as the rain became heavier and heavier.随着雨越来越大，更多的士兵被派到了水灾地区。

4. And yet, while most of us are only too ready to apply to others the cold wind of criticism, we are somehow reluctantto give our fellows the warm sunshine of praise.然而，我们中的大多数人却动辄对别人刮起冷言批评的寒风，而不知是何原因却不愿赞扬我们的同伴，送去温暖和煦的阳光。

too…to 是大家都很熟悉的搭配，表示太……以至于不……，但是当too之后跟的是ready, apt, quick, kind, happy等形容词时，动词不定式表示肯定的意思，这时too表示"太非常，很"的意思。
Are we too quick to blame and slow to qraise?我们是否总是急于批评而疏于赞扬呢？
We are too apt to over look our own faults.我们总是太容易忽略自己的过错。

5. why-when one word could bring such pleasure?如果一句赞美之辞能给人带来如此的快乐，我们又何乐而不为呢？

why-破折号后面省略了are we so reluctant to give our fellows the warm sunshine of praise?

6. It's strange how chary we are about praising.令人不解的是我们对赞美之辞竟如此谨慎。

how引导的从句是这个句子真正的主语。在英语中，当主语是个较长的句子，置于句首显得头重脚轻的时候，常用形式主语"it"代替主语从句，而从句则放到表语之后，形成如下结构的句子：
It+系动词+形容词/名词+wh/how/that从句例：It is doubtful whether he paid back the money.他是否还了钱还令人怀疑。
It is important that he brought back the books to the library before August 29.他要在8月29日以前把书还给图书馆，这很重要。
在本文中，具有类似结构的句子还有：
When one thinks of the speed with which spiteful remarks are conveyed, it seems a pity that there isn't more effort to relay pleasing and flattering comments.当想到那些冷言恶语传播的速度之快时，我们会感到人们没有多费一点心来传达令人愉悦的赞美之辞似乎有些遗憾了。

7. It's especially rewarding to give praise in which effort generally goes unnoticed or unmentioned.对于那些通常被人忽略或不被提及的努力给赞扬，效果往往出人意料地好。

(1)句子结构：参见注6
(2) area n.special field of work, ideas or activities.工作领域，思想领域，活动领域
(3) in which effort generally goes unnoticed or unmentioned:是先行词area的定语unnoticed和unmentioned在句中起主语补足语的作用，是用来说明动作发生时主语的情况或所处的状态，不是用来修饰谓语动词的。
They warned him again and again, but their warnings went unneeded.他们反复地警告他，但是所有的警告都被忽视了。
The testpapers were returned to us unguarded.考卷根本没判分就发还给了我们。

8. An artist gets complimented for a glorious picture, a cook for a perfect meal.艺术家因为一幅美妙的绝伦作品受到称颂，厨师因为一顿美味佳肴受到赞许。

for表示原因、理由，即because of,一般和特定的形容词或名词连用。
This city is famous for its beautiful scenery.这座城市以风景优美而著称。
This town is noted for its historical sites.这座小镇以历史遗迹而闻名。
The movie Titanic won eleven oscar rewards for its realistic representation of the sea disaster almost a century ago.电影《泰坦尼克号》因其真实地再现了大约一个世纪以前那次海难而赢得了十一项奥斯卡大奖。
有时for也可以和特定的动词连用。
[Tom was punished for handing in his homework late.汤姆因为迟交作业而受惩罚。
He was brought to charges for stealing.他因偷窃被起诉。

9. Since so often praise is the only wage a housewife receives, surely she of all people should get her measure.既然在通常情况下，家庭主妇得到的惟一报酬就是称赞，那么在所有人当中，她也应孩得到属于自己的那份赞扬。

of all这种组合一般用来表示强调，用于两种场合，一种是表示"尤其是、特别是"，另外还可以表示惊讶，即"偏偏是，竟然是"的意思。
He of all people should have understood what I meant.尤其是他，更应该能明白我的意思。
How can she ask for a sick leave today, of all days.她怎么能偏偏在今天请病假。
It surprises me that you, of all people, should make that mistake,使我感到惊讶的是，偏偏是你犯了那个错误。
measure=share, a part belonging to someone应该属于某人的那一份

10. Mothers know instinctively that for children an ounce of praise is worth a pround of scolding.母亲们凭直觉就知道对于孩子们来说，一句赞扬抵得上十句责骂。

这句话的意思是：一句夸奖的话所起到的作用可以抵得上十句责骂。
英语中有一句谚语：An ounce of prevention is worth a pornd of cure.一分预防胜似十分治疗。课文中这句话实际上是这句谚语的变体引用。

11. One teacher writes that instead of drowning students' compositions in critical red ink, the teacher will get far more constructive results by finding one or two things which have keen done better than last time, and commenting favorably on them.有位教师曾这样写道，如果教师们不是挑剔地用红墨水在学生的作文上批得一塌糊涂，而是挑出一两处比上次有所进步的地方给予好评，那么这个老师将收到更有建设性的效果。

如果要强调形容词和副词的比较级，不能用very.而应该用far或much。
When it comes to repairing automobiles, my auto-repair man is far more intelligent than me.当谈到修汽车时，我的修车师傅比我要聪明得多。
This test is much more difficult than the last one.这个考试比上次要难得多。
另外，还可以作来强调程度的词还有a great deal, a lot, considerably, slightly, a little, no,以及具体的数字。
My house is no larger than yours.我的房子不比你的大。
They are a lot happier than they used to be.他们比过去要幸福得多。

12. Yet the latter are the very youngsters who, in most schools, fail to get the pat on the back.
而后者往往正是那些在大多数学校里得不到表扬的孩子。

(1) very=the one and no other 正是
This is the very book I am looking for.这正是我在找的那本书。
This is the very house he was born 80 years ago.这正是他八十年前出生的那所房子。
(2) fail to表示 没能……
They failed to get it done within three days.他们没能在三天之内完成。
He failed to get the scholarship.他未能获得奖学金。
(3) pat on the back: word or gesture of praise or encouragement拍拍背以示鼓励或赞扬

13. To give praise costs the giver nothing but a moment's thought and a moment's effort.赞扬别人付出的很少，只需给予的人片刻的思索和努力。

nothing but=just, only只是
nothing but一般后面加名词。
The story he told was nothing but crap.他说的那个事完全是胡说八道。
She is nothing but a beautiful empty head.她只是个脑壳空空的木美人而已。
比较：anything but=not at all决不，根本不。
The book she gave me was anything but interesting.她给我的那本书一点意思也没有。
He is anything but mad.他一点都不疯。