(三).语法重点
(1)宾语从句
用作宾语的从句叫做宾语从句(object clause)。
1) 引导宾语从句的关联词有从属连词、疑问代词、疑问副词、缩合连接代词、缩合连接副词等。
[例句]He told us that he felt ill.他对我们说他感到不舒服。(关联词是从属连词that)
I know he has returned.我知道他已经回来了。(在非正式文体中关联词that被省去)
That he ever said such a thing I simply don't believe.我简直不相信他曾说过这样的话。(that从句位于句首时,that不可省去)
We decided, in view of his special circumstances, that we would admit him
for a probationary period.鉴于他的特殊情况,我们决定应允他一段试用期。(主句谓语动词decided与that从句之间插入语,that不可省去)
I doubt whether he will succeed.我怀疑他是否会成功。(关联词是从属连词whether)
I don't know if you can help me.我不知道你能否帮助我。(关联词是从属连词if)
Whether he comes himself or sends a substitute is immaterial to me.他自己来还是派人来,对我都无关紧要。(从属连词whether与if意义相似,有时可以互换。但这里的从句位于句首,只能用whether不能代之以if)
I wonder what he's writing to me about.我不知道他要给我写信说什么事。(关联词是疑问代词what)
I'll tell you why I asked you to come.我会告诉你我为什么要你来。(关联词是疑问副词why)
You may do what you will.你可做任何你想做的事。(关联词是缩合连接代词what)
I should like to see where you live, John.我想去看看你住的地方,乔恩。(关联词是缩合连接副词where)
2) 宾语从句亦可用作介词的宾语。
[例句]He was deeply displeased by what had occurred that day.他对那天发生的事感到很不快。(what引导的从句是介词by的宾语)
I walked over to where she sat.我走向她坐的地方。(where引导的从句是介词to的宾语)
I am curious as to what he will say.我很想知道他要说什么。(what引导的从句是复合介词as to的宾语)。
Your success will largely depend upon what you do and how you do it.你是否成功将主要取决于你做什么和怎么做。(what和how引导的从句是介词upon的宾语)
3)有时介词可以省去。
[例句]I don't care (for) who marries him.我不管谁跟他结婚。
Be careful (as to) how you do that.你要注意做这件事的方式。
4)有时全句可用引导词it作为形式宾语。
[例句]He made it quite clear that he preferred to study English.他很明确地说他宁愿学习英语。(真实宾语that从句前有形式宾语it)
You may rely on it that I shall help you.你可以指望我会帮助你。(真实宾语that从句前有形式宾语it)
5)有时现在分词亦可后跟宾语从句。
[例句]He has just gone away saying that he will return in an hour.他刚走,说他一小时后回来。(that引导的从句是现在分词saying的宾语)
(2) if之后的will和would
1) will和would强调愿意或不愿意
a)当要求别人做事/应答别人帮助时:
Shall I hold the door open for you? -Yes, if you will /would.我为你开着门好吗?--好的,如果你愿意的话。
If you will/ would/could wait a moment, I'll fetch the money.如果你肯(能)等一会,我就取钱去。
b)涉及到别的什么人:
If he will/would/would/could only try harder, I'm sure he'd do well.只要他肯(能)再努力一些,我相信他会做好的。
c)礼貌上的套语,特别用在正式场合中:
I'd be grateful if you will/would let me know soon.你如果肯及早告诉我,我将感激不尽。
Give me a moment if you would.请给我片刻时间。(有时也可用will)
d)直接表示愿意与否:
If you won't stop smoking, you can only expect to have a bad cough.如果你不肯戒烟,你只会患严重咳嗽。(即if
you are unwilling to stop smoking)(不用wouldn't)
2)第1类条件句中的if + will
if之后一般不用单纯将来时的will。然而,尽管不常见,而想强调"不是现在,而是以后"的意思时,则可以使用will.试比较:
If it suits you, I'll change the date of our meeting.如合你的意,我将改变会议日期。(第1类)
If it will suit you, (i. e. not now, but later) I'll change the date of
our meeting.如果对你合适,(即不指现在,而指以后)我将改变会议的日期。
(3) It is (was)…that (who)
为了强调句子的某一成分(通常是主语、宾语或状语),常用强调结构:It is (was)+被强调部分+ that (who)+句子的其他部分。
一般来讲,原句的谓语动词如果是现在或将来各种时态,用It is… that (who)…;如果原句谓语动词是过去各种时态,则用It was
…that (who)…。另外,我要注意下面几点:
a)即使被强调的主语是复数,主句中的谓语动词也用单数,如:
It is they who often help me with my lessons.正是他们经常帮助我做功课。
b)在强调时间、地点、原因或方式状语时,不要用when, where, why或how,而要用that,如:
It was because her brother was ill that she didn't go with us.正是由于她弟弟生病了,所以他不能和我们一起去。
(4)同位语
当两个指同一事物的句子成分放在同等位置时,一个句子成分可被用来说明或解释另一句子成分,前者就叫做后者的同位语(appositive)。这两个句子成分多由句词(代词)担任。同位语通常皆放在其说明的名词(代词)以后。
1)名词用作同位语是大量的。
[例句]We have two children, a boy and a girl.我们有两个孩子,一男一女。
有时同位语和其所说明的名词是同一个句词。
[例句]She won her first victory, a victory that was applauded by the public.她获得第一个胜利,一人得到公众欢呼的胜利。
2)代词用作同位语,如:
They all wanted to see him.他们都想见他。
3)数词用作同位语。如:
They two went, we three stayed behind.他们俩去了,我们三个留了下来。
4)不定式与动词用作同位语。如:
Their latest proposal, to concentrate on primary education, has met with
some opposition.他们最近提出的集中全力于初等教育的提议遭到了某些人的反对。(不定式短语用作同位语)
The first plan, attacking at night, was turned down.第一个计划是夜袭,被拒绝了。(动名词短语用作同位语)
5) of短语用作同位语,如:
the city of Rome罗马城
the art of writing写作艺术
the vice of smoking吸烟嗜好
以下结构中的同位语则是第一个名词,但也可以看做其后省去了sort或kind:
the rascal of a landlord恶棍地主
a brute of a husband一个蛮横的丈夫
his termagant of a wife他的凶悍的妻子
6)从句用作同位语,即同位语从句,如:
The news that we are having a holiday tomorrow is not true.明天放假的消息不确。
整个句子亦可用作同位语,如:
He has never traveled in Europe, that is to say, he has only been to Paris
and immediately returned.他从未周游过全欧洲,换言之,他只是到巴黎之后立即就回来了。
7)同位语的位置,如前所述,一般皆紧跟在其所说明的名词之后,但有时二者亦可被其他词语隔开。如:
The tickets cost five dollars each.这票每张五美元。
同位语与其所说明的名词之间常插入一些词语,常见的有namely(即),viz(=that is),that is (亦即),that is
to say (那就是说),to wit (即),in other words (换言之),or (或),or rather (更正确地说),for
short (简略言之),for example (例如),for instance (例如),say (比如,假定说),let us say
(假定说),such as (比如),especially (尤其是),particularly (特别是),in particular (特别是),mostly
(多半),chiefly (主要),mainly (基本上),including (包括)等。
[例句]I am pleased with only one boy, namely, George.我只对一个男孩满意,那就是乔治。
I like Lu Xun's works especially The True Story of Ah Q.我喜欢鲁迅的著作,尤其是《阿Q正传》。
There are three very large rivers in Africa, viz, the Congo, Niger and
Nile.非洲有三条很大的河,即刚果河、尼日尔河和尼罗泥。
There are many big cities in Europe, for example, London, Paris and Rome.欧洲有许多大城市,如伦敦、巴黎和罗马。
He works all day, that is to say, from 9 to 5.他全天工作,也就是说,从上午九时至下午五时。(介词短语from
9 to 5在此是all day的同位语)
They brought fruits, such as bananas and oranges.他们带来了水果,如香蕉、桔子等。
同位语亦可置于其所说明的名词之前,如:
Comrade Li李同志
General Brown布朗将军
Professor Johnson约翰逊教授
Lady Caldwell考德威尔夫人
My friend Wang Min我的朋友王敏
8)同位语和定语一样,亦有限制性与非限制性之分。限制性同位语前后无逗号,非限制性同位语则有逗号。试比较:
My friend Wang Min is from Hunan.我的朋友王敏是湖南人。(限制性)
The man, my teacher, never rides a bike.那人是我的老师,他从不骑自行车。(非限制性)
但限制性同位语之前有时也可用破折号,如:
In future prose, two fields are certainly sure to find cultivation -the
field of the essay and the field of the sketch.在未来的散文中,人们肯定将致力于两种领域--小品文随笔。
9)动词、形容词、副词等亦可有其同位语,如:
Asked about the likelihood of a recession, he responded:"We're going
to continue to expand, to continue to have an increase in productivity."当被问到衰退的可能性时,他答道:"我们将继续扩展,继续缯强生产力。"(动词的同位语)
She is more than pretty, that is, beautiful.她不止漂亮而已,她是很美的。(形容词的同位语)
He is working as hard as before, that is to say, not very hard.他工作的劲头和过去一样,这就是说,不很努力。(副词的同位语)
有时同位语在形式上并不与其所说的词语同位,但在意义上却是同位的,如:The number reached 22 million in the
first half of this year, up 16 per cent from a year ago.(进入境)人数今年上半年达到2200万,比上年增加了16%/
It might last a whole purgatory-or for ever.这(苦难)可能会和整个炼狱一样长--即永久延续下去。
10)同位语与主语补语不同,前者强调等同,意在说明或解释,主语补语则弥补语意义之不足,有表述主语的性质。试比较:
My friend Tom is a big football player.我的朋友汤姆是一位大足球运动员。
A mere child, he had to work like a beast of burden.他还仅仅是一个孩子时就不得不当牛作马。
(a mere child用以表述主语,故是主语补语)
|