Unit one
How To Improve Your Study Habits
 
词汇短语 1 - 2 - 3
 
(三)语法重点

1.复合句的结构


1)复合句(complex sentence)由一个主句(principle clause)和一个或一个以上的从句(subordinate clause)构成。主句是全句的主体,往往可以独立存在;而从句仅是全句的一个句子成分,故不能独立存在,如:
We met where the road crossed.
我们是在十字路口遇见的。(we met是主句,where the roads crossed是从句)
从句虽不能单独成句,但它也有主语部分和谓语部分。从句顺由一个关联词(connective)引导。

2)引导从句的关联词共有七类:

a) 从属连词:有whether, when, although, because, if等。如:
He will get the letter tomorrow if you sent it off now.
如果你现在就把信发出,他明天就会收到。
b) 疑问代词:who, whom, shoes, which, what.如:
I don't know what you mean.
我不知道你是什么意思。
c) 疑问副词:when, where, why, how。如:
I asked how he was getting on.
我问他近况如何。
d) 关系代词:who, whom, whose, which, that。如:
Water that is impure often causes serious illness.
水不洁常会引起重病。
e) 关系副词:when, where, why。如:
July and August are the months when the weather is hot.
七、八月是天气热的月份。
f) 缩合连接代词:what, whatever, who, whoever, that, whichever。如:
Whoever does wrong is punished in the end.
恶有恶报。
g) 缩合连接副词:whenever where, wherever, however。如:
Sit wherever you like.
你爱坐哪儿都成。

3) 从句的种类:
从句分主语从句、表语从句、宾语从句、同位语从句、定语从句和状语从句六类。由于主语从句、表语从句和宾语从句在句子中的作用相当于名词,故这三种从句又统称为名词性从句。名词性从句所用的关联词大抵相同,而且其前一般不用逗号。
[注]还有一种比较复杂的并列句,叫做并列复合句。并列复合句的分句有一个或多个为复合句。如:

(1)The policeman looked at me suspiciously, and he asked me what I wanted.
那警察用怀疑的眼光看着我,并问我要干什么。
(2)While the men worked to strengthen the dam, the rain continued to fall; and the river, which was already well above its normal level, rose higher and higher.
当人们正在加固河堤时候,雨还在不停地下,已经远远超过正常水位的河水涨得越一越高了。

2.英文信函的写法(一)
英文信函的写法与中文信函颇为不同。按其结构来分,英文书信一般可分为11个部分:


(1)信头(The Heading):发信人的地址和发信日期。
(2)封内地址(The Inside Address):收信人名称和地址。
(3)称呼(The Salutation)
(4)事由(The Subject Heading or Caption)
(5)开头语(The Opening Sentences)
(6)信的正文(The Body of the Letter)
(7)结尾语(The closing Sentences)
(8)结束语(The Complimentary Close)
(9)签名(The Signature)
(10)附件(The Enclosure)简写Encl or Enc.
(11)再启(The Postscript)简写P.S.
以上11项中,3、5、6、7、8是英文书信的基本构架,不可缺少。1、2、4项,在正式书信体中一般也不可缺少。第10、11两项是否要用,可视实际需要而定。书信的各组成部分在信笺上各占一定的部位,举例说明如下:
(1)
Central Illionois University I University Road,
Peoria, 1242367 School of Humanities (308)
216-7856 May 11, 2002

(2) Dr.Jia Liu
P180 Candinal Count
Bloominburg, IL 61708

(3)Dear Jia Liu:

(4) Acceptance
(5) Congratulations. I am pleased to confirm the offer of an appointment to the tenure-track position of assistant professor of Humanities.
(6) Your duties would commence on August 22, 2002 Your primary campus of assignment will be Forest Hill, but you are probably aware that you may be assigned…。
(7)please feel free to call me at 4386829.
(8) sincerely,
(9) Bill Marx
Director
Human Resources
CC:
Dr. Ruth Clinton, Vice President for Faculty and Instruction
(10) Enclosures
Contract